Understanding when taxes are due is crucial for individuals and businesses to avoid penalties and interest charges. While the tax filing season may seem straightforward, various deadlines throughout the year require attention. Knowing these dates helps taxpayers plan finances effectively and stay compliant with IRS regulations.
This guide outlines key payment deadlines, explains quarterly estimated tax obligations, highlights penalties for late payments, and explores payment methods. It also clarifies how filing extensions interact with payment deadlines to provide a comprehensive overview for staying on track.
Federal Payment Deadlines
Federal tax payment deadlines are a critical part of financial planning. The main deadline for most taxpayers is April 15, commonly known as Tax Day, when annual tax returns and payments are due. If the date falls on a weekend or holiday, the deadline moves to the next business day. For the 2025 tax year, this deadline is April 15, 2026, unless adjusted by the IRS.
Taxpayers with income not subject to withholding, such as self-employed individuals, must make quarterly estimated tax payments. These are due on April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15 of the following year; if a due date falls on a weekend or legal holiday, the next business day applies. 1Internal Revenue Service. Estimated Tax
Businesses, particularly corporations, have additional deadlines. C corporations must file tax returns by the 15th day of the fourth month after the end of their fiscal year; for calendar-year corporations, this is generally April 15. A June 30 fiscal year-end is an exception with a different due date. 2Internal Revenue Service. Instructions for Form 1120
Quarterly Estimated Tax Obligations
Taxpayers without full income withholding, including self-employed individuals and freelancers, must meet quarterly estimated tax obligations. This requirement ensures taxes are paid throughout the year as income is earned. Payments are calculated using expected adjusted gross income, taxable income, deductions, and credits. The IRS provides Form 1040-ES to assist with these calculations.
Taxpayers often use their prior year’s tax liability as a baseline, adjusting for anticipated changes in income or deductions. The self-employment tax rate is 15.3%, covering Social Security and Medicare taxes. 3Internal Revenue Service. Self-Employment Tax (Social Security and Medicare Taxes) Underpayment penalties generally do not apply if total payments equal at least 90% of the current year’s tax or 100% of the prior year’s tax (110% if the prior-year AGI exceeded $150,000, or $75,000 if married filing separately). 4Internal Revenue Service. Underpayment of Estimated Tax by Individuals Penalty
Accurately projecting income is essential to avoid penalties. Accounting software or tax professionals can help taxpayers estimate obligations and identify deductions or credits to minimize liabilities. Staying current with tax law changes is equally important, as these can impact estimated payments.
Penalties for Late Payments
Failing to pay taxes on time results in penalties that can substantially increase the amount owed. The failure-to-pay penalty accrues at 0.5% of the unpaid tax per month or part of a month, up to a maximum of 25%. 5Internal Revenue Service. Failure to Pay Penalty
In addition to penalties, interest on unpaid taxes compounds the financial burden. The IRS sets the interest rate quarterly; in 2025, the underpayment rate has been 7% per year, compounded daily. 6Internal Revenue Service. Interest Rates Remain the Same for the Fourth Quarter of 2025 The compounding effect means the longer a payment is delayed, the higher the financial cost. Taxpayers should prioritize payments, even partial ones, or consider installment agreements to mitigate penalties and interest.
Payment Methods
Understanding payment methods is essential for managing tax obligations. The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) offers a secure, no-cost option for scheduling and making payments from bank accounts and can be used 24/7, with the ability to schedule up to a year in advance. 7Internal Revenue Service. EFTPS: The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System
Credit and debit card payments provide flexibility, albeit with processing fees. The IRS Direct Pay service is another convenient option, allowing same-day payments from checking or savings accounts without additional fees. 8Internal Revenue Service. Pay Personal Taxes From Your Bank Account
Filing Extensions vs Payment Deadlines
Filing extensions and payment deadlines are distinct. While an extension allows additional time to file a tax return, it does not extend the deadline for paying taxes. 9Internal Revenue Service. Topic No. 304, Extensions of Time to File Your Tax Return Taxpayers must estimate and pay their liability by the original due date to avoid penalties and interest.
Individuals can file for an extension using Form 4868, while businesses use Form 7004. These forms grant an automatic six‑month filing extension. However, taxpayers should pay at least 90% of their total tax liability by the original deadline to avoid penalties. Filing for an extension without paying the estimated taxes can still result in financial consequences.